Railway Track Fault Detection

Here we propose an innovative approach to detect railway track crack as this system detects crack based on image processing. Many image preprocessing steps is used to detect railway track crack. As image is prone to noise. System converts image to grayscale image and uses filtering to remove noise from image. Noise removal helps to detect crack more accurately. Image luminous level is increased and image is converted to binary image. This helps system to detect only crack and helps to remove other unwanted objects. Image once converted to binary image, holes are filled by using image processing method this helps to reject all smaller objects which are not required for crack detection. Intensity value is used for accuracy purpose. Blob analysis method is used to detect large blobs. System detects crack based on number of connected components. System detects crack based on number of blobs involved and mentions whether crack exist or not. Using bounding box functionality, system displays rectangular box around the blob. This system used during railway track inspection. The proposed system is able to detect deeper cracks with 80% success rate and minor cracks with 50-60% accuracy                                                                                                            

     Ultrasonic detection is the method used. When the vehicle detects a crack, it sends a signal to the control room. While it is on the track, the device does not hinder movement of trains. When a train arrives, the device, which uses a pneumatic system, shrinks. The detector helps view the cracks on the track and its GPS system allows locating the vehicle.                                                                                               
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GSM Based Automatic Energy Meter Reading

The purpose of this project is to remote monitoring and control of the Domestic
Energy meter. This system enables the Electricity Department to read the meter readings
regularly without the person visiting each house. This can be achieved by the use of
Microcontroller unit that continuously monitors and records the Energy Meter readings in
its permanent (non-volatile) memory location. This system also makes use of a GSM
modem for remote monitoring and control of Energy Meter.
The Microcontroller based system continuously records the readings and the live
meter reading can be sent to the Electricity department on request. This system also can
be used to disconnect the power supply to the house in case of non-payment of electricity
bills. A dedicated GSM modem with SIM card is required for each energy meter.
The major building blocks of this project are:
1. Microcontroller based control system with regulated power supply.
2. GSM Modem for remote communication
3. Electromagnetic Relay and Relay Driver for Power Supply Control.
4. Digital Energy Meter.
5. LCD Display to display the meter readings.

Railway Switches And Signals

Abstract

Signals, including those used for communication between occupants of a car or train.Indicators, recorders, telegraphic, telephonic, or other similar apparatus when especially designed for use in connection with car or train movements, except manually-set devices, such as train and engine signs and markers capable of general use.

Devices on the roadway, such as signals, switches, circuit closures, gates, etc., actuated or controlled from or by the moving vehicles, except circuit-controllers actuated by the vehicle for the purpose of energizing sectionalized conductors used for supplying propulsion-current thereto.

Automatic train stop and speed control means, the actuation of which is initiated by agencies not on the train or by wheel derailment or defects in train structure and mechanism, the automatic stop, for classification purposes, being considered an equivalent of and substitute for a railway signal; but train stopping and control mechanism cooperating with obstacles fixed in position upon the track which have no moving parts are excluded from this class except when they cooperate with speed-responsive devices on the train.

Safety devices, including derailing switches and blocks, used for preventing accidents caused by the misplacement of switches, disregard of signals etc.The structure of signals, switches, frogs, and crossings and their appurtenances.Mechanism for the manual or other actuation of any of the devices of the class.